Validez del porcentaje de grasa corporal por pliegues cutáneos comparado con la dilución de óxido de deuterio en escolares costarricenses / Validity of percent body fat by skinfold thickness comparated with deuterium oxide dilution in Costa Rican school children

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la validez del porcentaje de grasa corporal (% GC) estimado por la ecuación de Slaughter en escolares costarricenses. Participaron 54 niños y 49 niñas con una edad promedio 7.8 ± 1.0 años. El óxido de deuterio (D2O) fue el método de referencia para determinar la masa grasa (FM) expresada como % GC. Se utilizó un análisis de regresión lineal y prueba t para determinar la asociación y las diferencias entre el %GC por la ecuación de Slaughter y D2O. La concordancia entre métodos se determinó por el coeficiente de correlación de concordancia (CCC) de Lin. La medición de acuerdo entre los métodos se analizó mediante el procedimiento de Bland-Altman. El % GC entre métodos fue significativamente diferente en niños (26.3 ± 7.4% vs 22.4 ± 7.0%) y niñas (33.2 ± 5.7% vs 26.1 ± 5.7%). La asociación entre métodos no fue significativa en niños (R2 = 0.76, p <0.0001) y niñas (R2 = 0.24, p <0.0001). Los gráficos de Bland-Altman mostraron que la ecuación de Slaughter subestimó el % GC en 6,0% en niños y 3,5% en niñas, en comparación con D2O. El CCC de Lin identificó una fuerza de concordancia pobre entre métodos, niños ρc= 0.87 y niñas ρc= 0.56. Con los resultados se concluye que la ecuación de Slaughter registró baja concordancia del % GC en comparación con el D2O en escolares costarricenses(AU)

The aim of the study was to determine the validity of the body fat percentage (% GC) estimated by the Slaughter equation in Costa Rican school children. The sample consisted of 54 male and 49 female, mean age 7.8 ± 1.0 years. Deuterium oxide dilution (D2O) was the reference method to determine the fat mass (FM) expressed as BF%. Linear regression analyses and paired sample t-tests were used to test association and mean differences between Slaughter equation and D2O BF%. Concordance between Slaughter equation and D2O BF% was determined by Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (CCC). Measurement of agreement between the two methods was analyzed using the Bland-Altman procedure. Measurements of BF% by Slaughter equation and D2O were significantly different for boys (26.3 ± 7.4% vs 22.4 ± 7.0%) and for girls (33.2 ± 5.7% vs 26.1 ± 5.7%). Non-significant association between methods was found in males (R2 = 0.76, p <0.0001) and females (R2 = 0.24, p <0.0001). Bland-Altman plots showed that Slaughter equation underestimated the %BF in a 6.0% for boys and in a 3.5% for girls compared with D2O. Lin's CCC identified poor strength of concordance between the two methods, for boys ρc= 0.87 and for girls ρc= 0.56. With the results we conclude that the Slaughter equation registered low agreement of BF% compared against the one obtained by D2O in Costa Rican school children(AU)

Diet and body shape among populations of Bryconamericus iheringii (Otophysi: Characidae) across the Campos Sulinos ecosystem

Alterations in natural landscapes, mainly caused by anthropic pressures, have been threatening the world's biomes, including aquatic environments and its biota. This study describes the diet of Bryconamericus iheringii, and how its body shape relates to environmental variables in populations of 22 streams. A wide array of food items were found, mainly composed of allochthonous plants (50.5%) and autochthonous invertebrates (25.2%). Even though food items remained almost the same, the predominant food group significantly differed among streams, mainly in relation to environmental characteristics. There was variation in body shape primarily associated with body depth and length of the pre-dorsal region; however, these differences did not correspond with streams. PLS-CA analyses indicated that environmental characteristics, such as substrate type, percentage of marginal vegetation have some influence over food items availability but not on body shape. This may be because B. iheringii is a non-specialist species capable of prey switching based on availability due to an intermediate body shape suited for generalist feeding habits.(AU)

Alterações em paisagens naturais, principalmente as causadas por pressão antrópica, tem ameaçado os biomas mundiais, incluindo ambientes aquáticos e sua biota. Este estudo descreve a dieta de B. iheringii e como seu formato corporal se relaciona com variáveis ambientais, em populações de 22 riachos. Uma grande variedade de itens alimentares foi encontrada, principalmente compostos por plantas alóctones (50,5%) e invertebrados autóctones (25,2%). Ainda que os itens alimentares tenham permanecido quase os mesmos, o grupo alimentar predominante diferiu significativamente entre riachos, principalmente devido a características ambientais. Ocorreu variação no formato corporal principalmente associado com profundidade do corpo e comprimento da região pré-dorsal; entretanto, tais diferenças não corresponderam aos agrupamentos por riacho. A análise PLS-CA indicou que as características ambientais, tais como tipo de substrato, porcentagem de vegetação marginal exercem alguma influência sobre a disponibilidade dos itens alimentares, mas não sobre o formato corporal. Isso pode ocorrer por B. iheringii ser uma espécie não especialista com capacidade de mudar suas presas de acordo a com disponibilidade das mesmas, isto, devido ao seu formato corporal intermediário adequado a hábitos generalistas.(AU)

Maternal obesity and offspring body composition by indirect methods: a systematic review and meta-analysis / Obesidad maternal y composición corporal de los hijos por métodos indirectos: revisión sistemática y metaanálisis / Obesidade materna e composição corporal dos filhos por métodos indiretos: revisão sistemática e meta-análises

Abstract This study reviewed the evidence that assessed the association between maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and/or gestational weight gain and offspring body composition in childhood. A systematic review was conducted. Cohort studies, case-control studies and randomized controlled trials measuring offspring body composition by indirect methods were included. Meta-analyses of the effect of pre-pregnancy BMI on offspring fat-free mass, body fat percent, and fat mass were conducted through random-effects models. 20 studies were included, most of which reported a positive association of pre-pregnancy BMI with offspring body fat. Standardized mean differences in body fat percent, fat mass and fat-free mass between infants of women with normal pre-pregnancy BMI and those of overweight/obese women were 0.31 percent points (95%CI: 0.19; 0.42), 0.38kg (95%CI: 0.26; 0.50), and 0.18kg (95%CI: -0.07; 0.42), respectively. Evidence so far suggests that pre-pregnancy maternal overweight is associated with higher offspring adiposity.

Resumen Esta revisión evaluó la asociación entre el índice de masa corporal (IMC) pregestacional y/o el aumento de peso gestacional con la composición corporal de los hijos en la infancia. Se realizó una revisión sistemática. Se incluyeron estudios de cohorte, caso-control y ensayos randomizados, que determinaron la composición corporal de los hijos mediante métodos indirectos. Se realizaron metaanálisis del efecto del IMC pregestacional sobre la masa libre de grasa, porcentaje de grasa corporal y masa de grasa. Se incluyeron 18 estudios, la mayoría de los cuales reportó asociación positiva entre el IMC materno pregestacional y la adiposidad de los hijos. Las diferencias de medias padronizadas de porcentaje de grasa corporal, masa de grasa y masa libre de grasa entre hijos de mujeres con IMC pregestacional normal, en comparación con los de mujeres con sobrepeso/obesidad fueron: 0,31 puntos porcentuales (IC95%: 0,19; 0,42), 0,38kg (IC95%: 0,26; 0,50) y 0,18kg (IC95%: -0,07; 0,42), respectivamente. Esta evidencia sugiere que el sobrepeso materno pregestacional se asocia con una elevada adiposidad en sus hijos.

Resumo Esta revisão avaliou a associação entre o índice de massa corporal (IMC) pré-gestacional e/ou ganho de peso gestacional com a composição corporal dos filhos na infância. Uma revisão sistemática foi realizada. Estudos de coorte, caso-controle e ensaios randomizados, que determinaram a composição corporal dos filhos mediante métodos indiretos, foram incluídos. Meta-análises do efeito do IMC pré-gestacional sobre a massa livre de gordura, percentual de gordura corporal e massa gorda foram realizados. Incluiu-se 18 estudos, a maioria dos quais reportou associação positiva entre o IMC materno pré-gestacional e adiposidade dos filhos. As diferenças de médias padronizadas de percentual de gordura corporal, massa gorda e massa livre de gordura entre filhos de mulheres com IMC pré-gestacional normal em comparação com os de mulheres com sobrepeso/obesidade foram: 0,31 pontos percentuais (IC95%: 0,19; 0,42), 0,38kg (IC95%: 0,26; 0,50) e 0,18kg (IC95%: -0,07; 0,42), respectivamente. Esta evidência sugere que o sobrepeso materno pré-gestacional está associado com a elevada adiposidade em seus filhos.

Identification of peripheral arterial disease in diabetic patients and its association with quality of life, physical activity and body composition / Identificação de doença arterial obstrutiva periférica e sua associação com a qualidade de vida, a atividade física e a composição corporal em pacientes diabéticos

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a risk factor for peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Neither the prevalence of PAD in type 2 (T2) DM nor its detrimental effects on quality of life (QoL) or physical activity (PA) have been well described in the Brazilian population. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prevalence of newly diagnosed PAD and its associations with QoL, PA and body composition in a sample of T2DM patients from a University Hospital. METHODS: Seventy-three (73) T2DM patients without previous diagnoses of major complications related to T2DM were enrolled. PAD was assessed using the ankle-brachial index (ABI); QoL was measured using a translated and validated SF-36 questionnaire; PA was measured using a modified Baecke questionnaire; and body composition was measured by segmental multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance. RESULTS: PAD prevalence was 13.7%, predominantly of mild severity (ABI between 0.8-0.9). The ABI results correlated with age (ρ=-0.26, P=0.03), DM duration (ρ=-0.28, P=0.02) and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (ρ=-0.33, P=0.007 and ρ=-0.28, P=0.02; respectively). Scores for the SF-36 physical component summary (PCS) were below the normal range, but no negative impact from PAD was identified by the PCS scores (normal-ABI 42.9±11.2 vs. PAD-ABI 38.12±11.07) or the Baecke PA results. Body composition analysis detected excessive body fat, especially in women, but there was no difference between groups. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of previously undiagnosed PAD in this population of T2DM patients was 13.7%, predominantly mild and asymptomatic forms, and was not yet associated with worsened QoL, PA levels or body composition variables...

O Diabetes Mellitus (DM) é fator de risco para a doença arterial obstrutiva periférica (DAOP). A prevalência de DAOP no DM tipo 2 (T2) e o prejuízo adicional causado por esta na qualidade de vida (QoL) e na atividade física (AF) não são bem descritos na população brasileira. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a prevalência e a associação da DAOP recém-diagnosticada com a QoL, a AF e a composição corporal em pacientes T2DM provenientes de um hospital universitário. MÉTODOS: Setenta e três pacientes T2DM, sem complicações maiores relacionadas ao T2DM, foram incluídos. A DAOP foi avaliada pelo índice tornozelo-braquial (ITB); a QoL, pelo questionário traduzido e validado SF-36, e a AF, pelo questionário modificado de Baecke. A composição corporal foi avaliada pela impedância bioelétrica segmentar multifrequencial. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de DAOP foi 13,7%, predominantemente de severidade leve (ITB entre 0,8-0,9). O ITB correlacionou-se com a idade (ρ= -0,26; P= 0,03), a duração do DM (ρ=-0,28; P=0,02) e a pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica (ρ= -0,33; P= 0,007 e ρ= -0,28; P= 0,02; respectivamente). O sumário de saúde física (PCS) do questionário SF-36 estava abaixo da variação normal; contudo, nenhum impacto negativo da DAOP foi identificado no PCS (ABI normal = 42,9±11,2 vs. ABI-DAOP = 38,12±11,07) ou no nível de AF. A análise da composição corporal demonstrou gordura corporal excessiva, especialmente em mulheres; contudo, sem diferenças entre grupos. CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência de DAOP sem diagnóstico prévio nesta amostra de pacientes T2DM foi de 13,7%, predominantemente assintomática e leve, e ainda não associada com piores índices de QoL, nível de AF e composição corporal...

Perfil de fitness de los estudiantes de la Universidad de Caldas / Fitness profile of Universidad de Caldas students / Perfil de fitness dos estudantes da Universidade de Caldas

Objetivo: el objetivo del estudio fue identificar el perfil de fitness de los estudiantes de la Universidad de Caldas, en fuerza muscular abdominal y prensión manual, flexibilidad muscular dorsal e isquiotibial, resistencia aeróbica, porcentaje graso, índice de masa corporal (IMC) y perímetro de cintura, y la actividad física habitual. Material y Método: estudio cuantitativo, de corte transversal, con alcance descriptivo y correlacional, sobre un universo de 10.890 evaluó una muestra representativa probabilística de 370 estudiantes, de 33 programas de pregrado y postgrado, para un nivel de confianza del 95% con error estimado del 5%; se realizó entre marzo y octubre de 2008 en Manizales, Colombia. La técnica fue observación directa, siguiendo los protocolos antropométricos de la International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) y los tests deportivo motores recomendados por la Asociación Colombiana de Medicina del Deporte (ACOMEDEF). Se recolectó la información en un instrumento desarrollado por el grupo, posteriormente digitada en Excel XP-2007 donde se calcularon medidas de tendencia central y dispersión. Resultados: los resultados muestran que en general el fitness de la comunidad estudiantil está por debajo de los valores esperados, con un elevado porcentaje de grasa; el riesgo cardiovascular por perímetro de cintura estuvo entre alto y muy alto para el 5,2% de los evaluados, el IMC mostró que un 7% está en peso bajo y el 21,6% en exceso. Conclusiones: la escasa actividad física realizada por la comunidad estudiantil se refleja en bajo nivel general de las capacidades condicionales y elevado porcentaje de grasa.

Objective: the identification of the fitness profile of Universidad de Caldas students, regarding abdominal muscle strength and hand grip, dorsal and hamstring muscular flexibility, aerobic resistance, body fat percentage, body mass index (BMI) and waist perimeter, and physical activity. Materials and methods: a quantitative study was carried out, with a cross-sectional character, and a descriptive and correlational scope. With a total population of 10,890 students, a probability sample of 370 students was evaluated, from 33 undergraduate and graduate programs, for a confidence level of 95% with the estimated margin of error of 5%. The study was carried out between March and October 2008 in Manizales, Colombia. The technique implemented was direct observation, using the anthropometric protocols of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) and motor sports testing recommended by the Colombian Association of Sports Medicine. The data was collected on an instrument developed by the group, then processed in Excel XP-2007, which calculated measures of central tendency and dispersion. Results: the overall fitness of the student community is below the expected values, with a high percentage of body fat, cardiovascular risk in relation to waist perimeter was between high and very high for 5.2% of those evaluated. The BMI showed that 7% are underweight and 21.6% are overweight. Conclusions: the scarce physical activity performed by the student community is reflected in overall low level of conditional capacity and the high percentage of body fat.

Objetivo: o objetivo da pesquisa foi identificar o perfil de fitness dos estudantes da Universidade de Caldas, em força muscular abdominal e pressão manual, flexibilidade muscular dorsal e isquiotibial, resistência aeróbica, porcentagem grasso, índice de massa corporal (IMC) e perímetro da cintura, e a atividade física habitual. Material e Método: pesquisa quantitativa, de corte transversal, com o alcance descritivo e correlaciona sobre um universo de 10.890 avaliou uma amostra representativa probabilística de 370 estudantes, de 33 programas de pré-grau e post-graduação, para um nível de confiança do 95% com erro estimado do 5%; se realizou entre março e outubro de 2008 em Manizales, Colômbia. A técnica de observação direita, seguindo os protocolos antropométricos da Internacional Society for the Advancement of kinanthropometry (ISAK) e os testes esportivos motores recomendados pela Associação Colombiana de Medicina do esporte (ACOMEDEF). Recolheu-se a informação num instrumento desenvolvido pelo grupo, posteriormente digitada em Excel XP-2007 onde se calcularam medidas de tendência central e dispersão. Resultados: os resultados amostram que em geral o fitness da comunidade estudantil esta por debaixo dos valores esperados, com uma elevada porcentagem de grassa; o risco cardiovascular por perímetro de cintura esteve entre alto e muito alto para El 5,2% dos avaliados, o IMC amostrou que um 7% esta em peso baixo e o 21,6% em excesso. Conclusões: a escassa atividade física realizada pela comunidade estudantil se reflexa em baixo nível geral das capacidades condicionais e elevado porcentagem de grassa.

Perfil antropométrico de jugadores profesionales de voleibol sudamericano / Anthropometric profile of professional volleyball sudamerican players

El voleibol es beneficiado por la aplicación de la antropometría, tanto por la evaluación de la composición corporal, que predice los rendimientos fisiológico y deportivo y define comportamientos mecánicos, para determinar la posición más eficiente dentro del campo de juego, de acuerdo a las características antropométricas. Se evaluaron las selecciones nacionales adultas de Colombia, Paraguay, Uruguay, Venezuela y la Selección Juvenil de Chile, utilizando el método de fraccionamiento corporal y el Somatotipo de Heath-Carter. El equipo Vicecampeón Sudamericano, Venezuela, fue el que tenía mayores porcentajes de masa muscular y bajos porcentajes de masa adiposa. El somatotipo de los equipos presentaba una mesomorfismo aumentado, seguido de un alto ectomorfismo, obteniendo la clasificación de individuos ecto-mesomórficos. La utilización de los datos obtenidos contribuirá a formar un modelo de jugador con una morfología estructuralmente ideal, capaz de afrontar competencias de alto nivel competitivo. La información obtenida ayuda a orientar el trabajo deportivo de manera certera y eficiente para la detección de talentos o entrenamiento de futuros voleibolistas profesionales.

The application of anthropometry provides many benefits to the sport of volleyball, such as in the evaluation of body composition, predicting physiological and sporting performance and defining mechanical behavior, from which the most efficient position in the court may be determined in terms of anthropometric characteristics. The national teams from Columbia, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela were evaluated along with the Chilean youth team, using the method of body division and the Heath-Carter Somato type. The South American runners-up, Venezuela, possess greater percentages of muscle mass and low percentages for adipose tissue mass. The somatotype of the teams presents an increased mesomorphy, followed by high ectomorphy, thus classifying the individuals as ecto-mesomorphs. The use of the data acquired allows the formation of a model of the morpho-structurally ideal player for high level competition. The information obtained guides physical preparation in an accurate and efficient way, leading to the detection of new talent or helping train future professional volleyball players.

Associations of DNA polymorphisms in growth hormone and its transcriptional regulators with growth and carcass traits in two populations of Brangus bulls

Sequence polymorphisms in the growth hormone (GH) gene and its transcriptional regulators, Pit-1 and Prop-1, were evaluated for associations with growth and carcass traits in two populations of Brangus bulls Chihuahuan Desert Rangeland Research Center (CDRRC, N = 248 from 14 sires) and a cooperating breeding program (COOP, N = 186 from 34 sires). Polymorphisms were SNP mutations in intron 4 (C/T) and exon V (C/G) in GH, A/G in exon VI in Pit-1, and A/G in exon III in Prop-1. In the COOP population, bulls of Pit-1 GG genotype had a significantly greater percentage of intramuscular fat than bulls of the AA or AG genotype, and bulls of the Prop-1 AA genotype had significantly greater scrotal circumference than bulls of AG or GG genotypes at ~365 days of age. Also, heterozygous genotypes for the two GH polymorphisms appeared advantageous for traits of muscularity and adiposity in the COOP population. The heterozygous genotype of GH intron 4 SNP was associated with advantages in weight gain, scrotal circumference, and fat thickness in the CDRRC population. The two GH polymorphisms accounted for ³27.7% of the variation in these traits in the CDRRC population; however, R2 was <5% in the COOP population. Based on haplotype analyses the two GH SNPs appeared to be in phase; the haplotype analyses also paralleled with the genotype analyses. Polymorphisms in GH and its transcriptional regulators appear to be predictors of growth and carcass traits in Brangus bulls, particularly those with heterozygous GH genotypes

Aspectos genético-quantitativos de características de desempenho, carcaça e composição corporal em frangos / Genetic-quantitative aspects of performance, carcass and body composition traits in broilers

Os parâmetros genéticos são ferramentas importantes para se conhecer melhor as características utilizadas nos programas de melhoramento genético e para a avaliação do plano de seleção empregado, permitindo o direcionamento das estratégias a serem aplicadas. As características de desempenho e de carcaça vêm sendo utilizadas como critério durante a seleção genética dos frangos, a exemplo do peso vivo, do peso de peito e da conversão alimentar. Entretanto, algumas características de composição corporal vêm trazendo entraves para a produção e a indústria avícolas, especialmente o peso da gordura e o peso do coração. Assim, nesta revisão, são abordados os principais aspectos relacionados aos parâmetros genéticos das características de desempenho, de carcaça e de composição corporal em frangos com o objetivo de proporcionar um melhor entendimento das conseqüências trazidas pelos esquemas de seleção empregados e suas implicações na cadeia produtiva destes animais.

Evaluation of DNA polymorphisms involving growth hormone relative to growth and carcass characteristics in Brahman steers

Associations of DNA polymorphisms in growth hormone (GH) relative to growth and carcass characteristics in growing Brahman steers (N = 324 from 68 sires) were evaluated. Polymorphisms were an Msp-I RFLP and a leucine/valine SNP in the GH gene as well as a Hinf-I RFLP and a histidine/arginine SNP in transcriptional regulators of the GH gene, Pit-1 and Prop-1. Genotypic frequencies of the GH SNP, Pit-1 RFLP, and Prop-1 SNP were greater than 88% for one of the bi-allelic homozygous genotypes. Genotypic frequencies for the GH Msp-I RFLP genotypes were more evenly distributed with frequencies of 0.43, 0.42, and 0.15 for the genotypes of +/+, +/-, and -/-, respectively. Mixed model analyses of growth and carcass traits with genotype and contemporary group serving as fixed effects and sire fitted as a random effect suggested that sire was a significant source of variation (P < 0.05) in average daily gain, carcass yield, and marbling score. However, measures of growth and carcass traits were similar across GH Msp-I genotypes as steers were slaughtered when fat thickness was estimated to be ~1.0 cm. These polymorphisms within the GH gene and/or its transcriptional regulators do not appear to be informative predictors of growth and carcass characteristics in Brahman steers. This is partly due to the high level of homozygosity of genotypes. These findings do not eliminate the potential importance of these polymorphisms as predictors of growth and carcass traits in Bos taurus or Bos taurus x Bos indicus composite cattle.

Genetic trends of abdominal fat content in a male broiler chicken line

Data of chickens from a broiler-breeding program were collected and used to determine the genetic trends of absolute and relative abdominal fat content. The genetic trends were estimated by the regression of trait genetic value averages on hatch-years. Genetic values from 32,485 individuals were used for regression analysis. The genetic trend estimate for absolute abdominal fat content was +0.39 g per year, indicating that abdominal fat deposition in the analyzed line, in absolute terms, tended to increase, making the existing excess fat deposition in the broilers even worse. However, the genetic trend of relative abdominal fat content was not significant, indicating that there is no increase on abdominal fat content when it is corrected for body weight.

Genetic influences on body composition and regional fat distribution

It is clear some people are more at risk of becoming overweight or Type I, II, III, of IV obese because of the fact that they store ore mobilize fat more readily than others under identical energy intake, dietary composition and level of physical activity conditions. Much work is needed to elucidate the relative importance of genetic versus nongenetic determinantes of overweight and obesity